I would think they are programmed to look for a certain kind of activity that matches a certain pattern. That’s why a firewall will block something that you are actually intending to use.
I don’t know the technical details, but it’s basically a piece of software or hardware (or a combination) which filters information coming into the network through the internet connection. This protects computers within the firewall from the outside world, and can be set up to prevent information from particular sources, or of particular types, from entering the network.
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